The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay Essay This study provides a merchandise and market development scheme for the UK touristry industry. It focuses on the benefits and challenges of the UK touristry industry. The background history of UK and the overview of the range are revealed in this survey. It besides outlines the vision, mission and its strategic aims. The study highlights a sum-up of the cardinal findings of strategic selling audit of the UK touristry sector. The findings of the study are used to develop a scheme for increasing the economic benefits of touristry to UK. The scheme for get the better ofing the challenges in order to increase the figure of persons sing UK for touristry is disclosed in this study. The study concludes by doing strategic recommendations for countries of growing in touristry activities in UK, development of merchandises and resources needed to guarantee viability. More so, important barriers to implementing those recommendations are identified throughout the study to turn to the concerns of stakeholders of the industry. Summary of Key Issues and findings We will write a custom essay sample on The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Tourism Industry In Uk Benefits And Challenges Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The sum-up of cardinal issues and findings that Britain needs to turn to in order to better upon her planetary fight includes ; The importance of local market and concern markets Turning Competition New Trends in Demands Competition from emerging finishs Tax of adjustment and nutrient Entry Visa and Increase in Price Climate Change Construct on Britain s image and increase distribution through the trade Britain s major beginning of market and Britain s nucleus market However, merely five points would be discussed in the organic structure of the study and the remainder will be sent to appendix 1. Definitions, methodological analysis and model Definitions This subdivision seeks to explicate strategic placement and touristry. What is strategic positioning? Harmonizing to Michael E. Porter, ( 1996 ) strategy is the ability to do an informed determination on how, when and where to aim a client group, facilitate resources and put aims ( bounds ) makes the difference between directors who thinks from a strategic position in visible radiation of what might emerge in future . Lovelock ( 1991 ) , describes positioning as the procedure of set uping and keeping a typical topographic point in the market for an administration and/or its single merchandise offerings. Puting them together, Strategic Positioning is the placement of an organisation ( unit ) in the hereafter, while taking into history the altering environment, plus the systematic realisation of that placement ( beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.zenska-mreza.hr/prirucnik ) . What is Tourism? Harmonizing to, Guyer Feuler ( 1905 ) , Tourism is a aggregation of activities, services and industries which deliver a travel experience consisting transit, adjustment, feeding and imbibing constitutions, retail stores, amusement concerns and other cordial reception services provided for persons or groups going off from place . Tourism can be categorized into Domestic, Outbound and Inbound. Domestic touristry involves people taking vacations, short interruptions and twenty-four hours trips within UK. The outbound touristry has to make with the people s motion from UK to other states, districts or states to research. The inward touristry involves single travelling from other topographic points such as Ghana, Togo, USA etc. to UK Methodology This study seeks to concentrate attending on the benefits and challenges of touristry industry in UK. The methods used in finishing this study include ; Literature reappraisal ( Journals, Books, Articles and the cyberspace ) Data analysis at UK, both national and sub-national degree Stakeholder battle Conceptual model The survey adopted selling model to explicate the maps that links the concern with client demands and wants in order to acquire the right merchandise to the right topographic point at the right clip. Overview of the selling procedure ( Adapted from tutor2u, Riley ( 2012 ) Mission, Vision and Strategic Aims The Mission To increase touristry s part to the growing and development of UK economic system. The Vision UK is globally recognised as one of the universe s prima regional finishs for conference, concern, sporting and other recreational activities. The state is noted for her high quality installations, cultural and amusement. In position of this, the study seeks to ; Better the UK portion of touristry worldwide and employment and quality of life. Increase UK portion in planetary visitant market. Strategic Aims Maximize touristry trial, spend and length of stay Attract investing in touristry related merchandises Increase industry engagement in selling activities through industry battle Improve touristry related community assets/products. better the battle of visitant with merchandises Improve market entree and connectivity Developing and marketing competitory tourer finish in UK Construct on Britain s image and increase distribution through the trade Better the scope of merchandise on offer and do it easier to acquire to Britain Introduction This chapter provides the background history of UK and the overview of the industry. Background History A ; Current province of UK The United Kingdom is a state that consists of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It is a fantastic state with diverse civilization and tradition. It is extremely belief that, the nature of the people in the state, its landscapes, civilization, character, history and traditions ; its accomplishments, impact, successes, and standing ; and its hereafter, its vision, its possible makes the state Great. The aforesaid features of the state has reckoned its ain people, and people from across the universe to see Britain, to cognize Britain and to understand Britain ( Source: Former Prime Minister, Tony Blair ) . The state is a Member of overplus administrations which include the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ( NATO ) , Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organisation ( WTO ) , and Organisation of Economic Corporation and Development. UK has the lasting place on the United Nations Security Council. Through touristry parts, United Kingdom is the universe sixth largest economic system and World s first industrialized state with a population of over 62.4 million ( Ref. UN, 2011 ) . The Overview of Tourism Industry in UK Tourism industry in UK has vastly contributed to the economic development in the state. The industry occupies a alone place as the UK s 5th largest industry, 3rd largest export earner behind chemicals and fiscal services and deserving ?115 billion a twelvemonth. Besides, it employs over 2.6 million people and supports over 200,000 Small Medium Enterprises ( SME s ) ( beginning: VisitBritain.com, 2012 ) . Abroad visitants spend around ?18 billion a twelvemonth in this state and they contribute more than ?3billion in revenue enhancement and responsibility to the Exchequer ( VisitBritain Consultation Document, 2012 ) . Research has revealed that, touristry in UK is highly turning faster than any other economic sectors. It is outpacing excavation, agribusiness, and fishing as a taking industry for the state. One could see the value of touristry in UK is highly high. Although, the industry has been helpful to the state s economic system, there has been stagnancy of growing late, due to few cardinal issues and challenges. This has made the industry to worsen to the 7th place in the international touristry finish. This consequence is based on the visitant s attending and outgo ( Ref. UNWTO, 2011 ) . It means that, France, USA, China, Spain, Germany and Italy are all in front of UK in the touristry hierarchy ( Ref. UNWTO, 2011 ) . The inquiry here isaˆÂ ¦ . `what might be jobs or challenges ensuing to hapless attending of tourers in UK. It is argue that whiles UK touristry performs good, international touristry is ferociously competitory concern and their rivals are upping their game ( VisitBritain.com ) . The industry is confronting job on how to make a competitory, first touristry industry in Britain which can fit both the quality and the best of British concern every bit good as the graduated table of touristry in Britain in peculiar. Situational Analysis: The UK Tourism Industry and its Competitiveness The Value of Tourism to the UK Economy The part of UK touristry industry to the national economic system demonstrates the magnitude and complexness of the industry. Harmonizing to VisitBritain s CEO, Sandie Dawe ( 2012 ) , touristry has enormously contributed to the development of UK economic system. To her, the industry can turn by more than 60 % which would be amounted to about ?188bn by 2020. Besides, the figure of occupations straight and indirectly linked to touristry could lift by 264,000 to 2.89 million by 2020, ( beginning: VisitBritain ) . Value of Tourism ( Adapted from VisitBritain.com ) Deducing from this, one could see that, touristry is a major subscriber to the balance of payments. On the contrary, it is one of the few activities which would enable UK to accomplish competitory advantages through the redistribution of labor within Europe ( Economist, 1993:5-6 ) . It is besides a critical incentive of the UK economic system cut downing the shortage of the balance of payments, hiking employment, bring forthing income, and lending to regional development ( Zacharatos, 1989:274 ; Truett A ; Truett, 1987:178 ) . In fact, touristry per Se is one major generator of wealth in UK economic system. The part of the touristry industry in the UK economic system has been really encouraging. As of 2010, the part of touristry has a entire gross of ?110 Billion and 2011-?120 Billion per annum ( UK Tourism Statistics, 2012 ) . Visitors ( ?m ) Spent ( ?Bn ) Leisure 11.5 6.6 Business 6.8 4.0 Students 0.5 1.4 Other 2.4 1.2 In 2011 ( Ref: International Passenger Survey, 2011 ) * 1 % addition in the cost, significance, touristry gaining bead down by 1.3 % ( Sensitive Tourist, 2001 ) 3.2. UK s Position in the International Market However, the industry s place in the international market chart has been falling for the past 3 old ages now. This is because the competition in the planetary market topographic point has become really tough as a consequence emerging finishs and other outstanding finishs such as France, Italy, Malaysia, Turkey, U.S.A etc. Although the industry was able to crush the cut-out point set for twelvemonth 2012, yet the state s place in the planetary market is still worsening. In 2011, as illustrated in Tab.1 below, UK came in the 7th place in the universe categorization of tourer finishs. The growing in planetary travel over the last two decennaries means that UK is viing against more finishs, for a larger figure of possible visitants ( VisistBritain.com ) . Tab.1: Popular international touristry finishs ( 2011 ) 2011 Rank Finish Staying visits ( m ) 1 France 79.5 2 USA 62.3 3 China 57.6 4 Spain 56.7 5 Italy 46.1 6 Turkey 29.3 7 United kingdom 29.2 8 Germany 28.4 9 Malaya 24.7 10 Mexico 23.4 ( Adapted from VisitBritain ( 2012 Strategic Key Issues A ; Findingss Confronting The Industry The undermentioned key subjects are outlined from the strategic audit based on research and findings in appendix 2 and 3. The importance of local market and concern markets The local and concern markets are seen as the UK s nucleus markets. Research conveyed by VisitBritain has revealed that disputing confronting UK international touristry does non merely come from economic tendencies and competitory activity, but beginning market besides poses alone complications. The local market consists of Western Europe and its environing states such as France and Italy. France, Spain, Germany and USA generate 1/3 of all money spent by visitants in the UK economic system ( Visitbritain ) . However, since 2006, UK has lost these market portions and visits. This indicates that, Britain needs to support volume, value and market portion of these countries. New Trends in Demands The International touristry is traveling to a degree where consumers are demanding in new and varying activities which would prosecute them ever. Consumers are demanding for new countries such as eco-tourism, health-tourism, sports-tourism, and activity-tourism and instruction touristry. This means tourers are no more interested in the civilization or geographical location of the state. Therefore, in order to pull the attending of tourers, the industry should turn their attending on activity touristry, instruction touristry Turning Competition and Competition from emerging finishs Competition from bing and emerging finishs is another challenge. The emerging finishs like China, Malaysia, and Dubai are the states that are turning at a fast rate in the touristry industry. Rivals are traveling at fast rate, puting in selling runs and turn toing policy issues. For illustration, US authorities late has published touristry scheme and national travel to cover with the visa procedure, boundary line controls and issues of image. However, the major challenge here is how to make a competitory, first touristry industry in Britain which would fit both the quality and the best of British concern and advanced policies to make value and enhance of fight. Emerging Markets The competition in the planetary market topographic point has become really tough as a consequence of emerging finishs and other outstanding finishs such as France, Italy, Malaysia, Turkey, U.S.A etc. The strategic audit has outlined China, Turkey, Malaysia, Dubai and Egypt as the cardinal mark countries for touristry growing. Although the industry was able to crush the cut-out point set for twelvemonth 2012, yet the state s place in the planetary market is still worsening. This has resulted because the planetary market place is acquiring tougher and states like France, US, China, Germany and Dubai have recognized the potencies of touristry. This has awakened them to present growing and occupations in a tough economic clime. Tax of adjustment and nutrient Research has revealed that UK hotels and eating houses overtaxed in hurt to revenues for the wider economic system. Therefore, most UK hotels and eating houses charges full VAT rate on tourer adjustment, repast and attractive force. There are several stores and eating houses in UK that charges revenue enhancement on everything tourers buy. A noteworthy illustration is McDonald- any nutrient bought from McDonald has been tag with revenue enhancement. This has demoralised most of the tourer to see UK. Entry Visa The trouble in accessing entry visa to UK is another factor populating Britain s fight as a finish for international touristry. It is an established fact that, for one to acquire tourist visa to UK is really hard. Apart from hard visa procedure, it is besides expensive as compared to other tourer finishs. For case, to acquire a tourer visa to UK, one has to pay an Amount of ?78 pieces Schengen visa is ?53. So relatively, people would prefer traveling to Germany, France and other finishs in stead of UK. This has resulted hapless public presentation since visitants from China, India and other African states are now sing Germany and France. Climate Change The conditions status in UK is seen as a drawback and hinderance to touristry in United Kingdom. As the conditions in UK is unpredictable, tourer most frequently complain of been disturbed by rain and unfavorable conditions conditions. This has negatively affected the industry since most people are discouraged and lost involvement in shiping on touristry to UK. Developing Strategic Options from the above Analysis The findings above lineation a figure of challenges confronting the touristry industry in UK. This subdivision will develop a scheme that would be used to increase economic benefits for the state s touristry industry. It would besides sketch a strategic attack to finish selling ( mention to appendix 2 ) in order to increase the figure of single visitants. It will develop a trade name for UK touristry to acquire a sustainable presence in the planetary touristry market topographic point. Prosecuting local and concern markets The industry should increase domestic trial and concentrate on the local which is UK s nucleus market. The UK industry should non disregard its local market and concern markets whiles the emerging finishs such as China, India represent long term chance for growing. The industry should utilize advertizement, motive and wagess to promote the natives of this state to ship on domestic touristry. This will smell good for those foreigners to develop involvement in sing UK. Strategic development of bunchs Bunchs occur as a consequence of both perpendicular relationships with providers and clients every bit good as horizontal relationships based upon shared engineerings and common clients ( Barker, 2007 ) . Therefore, in order to increase economic benefit of international touristry in UK, the industry should take at organizing a bunch that will convey group of industries on board. The presence of the bunch will speed up and amplify the procedure of factor creative activity in the industry. Once the bunch is formed, it allows companies from the interrelated industries to put in substructures, engineerings, information and human resources to better economic benefits of the touristry industry. Japan, for illustration provides a compelling impact of bunchs on a state s competitory advantage. In Japan, Keiretsu has formed a bunch of companies around the major Bankss with shareholding connexions ( Barker, 2007 ) . This has encouraged cooperation and interaction. In simple put, the graduated table of the bunch will promote greater investing, specialisation, exchange information and thoughts about market demands. Porter on bunch has cited several illustrations and it will be interesting to detect that bunchs are active and strong in Japan, Italy, Sweden, and Germany. However, it is really weak in UK Strategic finish confederation Research has disclosed that, France, Spain, Germany and USA generate 1/3 of all money spent by visitants in the UK ( VisitBritain ) . However, since 2006, UK has lost these market portions and visits. This means that, UK needs to support volume, value and market portion of these countries. In order to derive market portion, the industry should set up a strategic partnership with the emerging rivals. The industry can associate up with such finishs to organize a conference of states with must see and must see topographic points. The touristry industry can develop stronger relationships with other private companies in the name of touristry partnership plan. This will assist to develop and advance cultural touristry and chances. Corporate societal duty scheme Scholars like Friedman ( 1962 ) , and Grossman ( 2005 ) maintain that, the traditional position of a company is that, the company has a duty to do as much net income as it can for its stockholders. Alternatively, the stakeholder attack suggested by Edward Freeman in 1984 directs administrations to pull off the involvement of and admit a responsibility of attention to a scope of stakeholders. Based on the traditional position of the industry or a limited stakeholder position of the industry, UK tourism board should concentrate on utilizing corporate societal duty to increase positive stakeholder benefits pieces eliminating the negative effects of its action. It has been reported that non-governmental administrations have been donating 1000000s to assist in assorted environmental undertakings. These undertakings are centered on environmental protection, clime alteration, and the publicity of renewable energies. Besides, VisitBritain should present constructions that will prosecute and pass on with UK touristry industry and stakeholders. This will assist to supply a co-ordinated attack to drive forward the execution of the Strategic Framework for UK Tourism. The construction will give the industry the opportunity to portion advanced and intelligence bringing every bit good as turn toing cardinal issues and challenges impacting the touristry industry. Notwithstanding that, it will acts as a cardinal mechanism for VisitBritain to pass on with the industry and link efficaciously with the emerging destinatioons. Strategic Recommendations To get the better of the challenges and maximise the benefits of the industry, the industry in coaction with UK Government should: Tax riddance There should be revenue enhancement free tourers and guarantee that there is no infliction of revenue enhancement on any nutrient and adjustment. The authorities should beg for financess from private endeavors to back up the touristry industry. This will assist to eliminate if non cut down revenue enhancement rate to its lower limit. Decrease of tourer visa fee to vie with Schengen visa Therefore the sum of money taken from tourers as they apply for tourer visa should be reduced to vie with the other competitory states. Besides the UK authorities should print a national travel and touristry scheme which will take at cut downing the tourer visa fee and procedure, boundary line control and issues of image. This will maximise touristry trial, spend and length of stay. Expansion of local and international gross revenues squads Use the corporate administration scheme to maintain the industry accountable. This will assist to avoid any kinds of graft and corruptness in the touristry industry. Have a touristry industry which provides low-cost quality, which is unfastened to all and which makes the best usage of Britain s resources. Drumhead To sum up everything, Marshal ( 2012 ) opine that the challenges confronting the touristry industry are complex and legion. However, the two key among all the challenges are ; Tax on adjustment and nutrient and how to make a competitory, first touristry industry in Britain. Honestly speech production, turn toing these challenges will necessitate a high degree of coordination and cooperation to marshal resources more efficaciously. Fiscal force per unit areas and viing precedences among all touristry spouses and touristry stakeholders will necessitate new and advanced partnership agreements to react to turning competition and planetary chances ( Marshal, 2012 ) . Decision This study has provided a merchandise and market development scheme for the UK touristry industry. The background history of UK and the overview of the range are revealed in this survey. It besides outlined the vision, mission and strategic aims of the survey. Situational analysis of the industry based on the local market, value of touristry and UK s place in the international market has been scholarly presented. The study revealed a sum-up of the cardinal findings of strategic selling audit of the UK touristry sector. The findings of the study are used to develop a scheme for increasing the economic benefits of touristry to UK. The scheme for get the better ofing the challenges in order to increase the figure of persons sing UK for touristry is disclosed in this study. The study concludes by doing strategic recommendations for countries of growing in touristry activities in UK, development of merchandises and resources needed to guarantee viability. More so, important barriers to implementing those recommendations are identified throughout the study to turn to the concerns of stakeholders of the industry. To accumulate everything, it is the aim of the Ministry of Tourism and the Government of UK to make the environment where the industry would make non merely learn people to smile but give them a ground to smile . The Government should observe the above recommendations a point and pass new touristry policy ( Hon. Harold Lovel, 2012 ) . Annotated Bibliography Vision, mission, purposes and aims In order for an organisation to hold clear strategic waies, it must foremost explicate clear vision, mission, purposes and aims. The undermentioned books were helpful in discoursing the intent of the vision, mission, purposes and aims ; Dale, C. ( 2012 ) , Strategic Management for Tourism Senior Lecturer in Tourism University of Wolverhampton Evans, N. C. D. and Stonehouse, G ( 2003 ) Strategic Management for Travel and Tourism . Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, 15-20 Understanding Strategic Position and Tourism Scheme and Tourism have myriad of definitions from a different position. It is hence of import to open this study with a brief account on strategic placement and touristry. This will assist to ease better apprehension of scheme preparation and execution. The undermentioned books, diaries and articles were helpful in capturing the chief conceptualisation of scheme and touristry. Capon, C. ( 2008 ) , Understanding Strategic Management , Prentice Hall: Hemel Hempstead. Lovelock, C. H. ( 1984 ) . Services Selling . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Lovelock, C. H. ( 1991 ) . Services Selling . 2nd ed. , Prentice- Hall Johnson, G. et Al. ( 2008 ) , Researching Corporate Strategy , Prentice Hall: Hemel Hempstead. Porter, M.E. , ( 1980 ) , Competitive Scheme: Techniques for analyzing industries and rivals New York: The Free Press Tribe, J, ( 2010 ) , Scheme for Tourism , Goodfellow Publishers, Oxford Overview of Tourism Industry in UK In order to acquire wide and comprehensive reappraisal of touristry in UK, there was the demand to research into several books, diaries and articles which helpful to this study. As a affair of fact, the undermentioned books and diaries were able to give accurate information that the research worker was looking for. Butler, R.W. ( 2011 ) : Contemporary Tourism Reappraisals: Tourism Life Cycle Strathclyde Business School, Universiity of Strathclyde Goodfellow Publishers Ltd. , Woodeaton, Oxford, OX3 9TJ Website- wwww.goodfellowpublishers.com Shaw, S. ( 2012 ) : International Hospitality Management Program hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sprottshaw.com/programs/tourism-hospitality/international-hospitality-management/ Accessed on December 12, 2012 The Economic Importance of Tourism: UK Tourism Satellite.. , hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/tourism/tourism-satellite-account/2009 -the-economic-importance-of-tourism/rep-2009tsa.html ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Tribe, J. ( 2005 ) , The Economicss of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism , Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. UNWTO, EUROSTAT, OECD ( 2008 ) , Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework ( TSA: RMF ) , Madrid, Luxembourg, Paris. UNWTO, EUROSTAT, OECD ( 2008 ) , International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 ( IRTS 2008 ) , New York, Madrid. United Nations, Statistical Office of the European Communities, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and World Tourism Organization ( 2008 ) . VisitBritain Consultation Document ( 2012 ) Delivering A Aureate Bequest: A Grow Strategy for Inbound Tourism to Britain from 2012 to 2020 . Website- www.visitbritain.org Key Issues and Challenges This portion of the study is really sensitive to the survey ; hence there was the demand to acquire books which would give accurate information about the benefits and challenges facing the touristry industry in UK. The research made mention from the undermentioned books and web sites ; BIS Economic Paper ( 2012 ) : Industrial Strategy: United kingdom Analysis Department for Business Innovative A ; Skills, No. 18 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bis.gov.uk Business Management and Strategies , hypertext transfer protocol: //teeanthony.blogspot.com/ ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Marshall, C. ( 2012 ) , Challenges confronting the Tourism Industry in Antiqua A ; Barbuda : Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Office of National Statistics ( 2012 ) : The Economic Importance of Tourism: UK Tourism Satellite Account 2009 VisitBritain Consultation Document ( 2012 ) Delivering A Aureate Bequest: A Grow Strategy for Inbound Tourism to Britain from 2012 to 2020 . Website- www.visitbritain.org TOMORROW S TOURISM Home Ask, common inquiries asked of ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eastriding.gov.uk/corp-tourism/docs/TomorrowsTourism.pdf Strategic Options This subdivision of the study focuses on the Marketing scheme and action program. There was the demand to acquire models and theoretical accounts to back up the work. Therefore made mention from the following books below, because these books give accurate accounts to the assorted strategic options and selling theoretical accounts ; Buhalis, D. , 1999a, Limits of touristry development in peripheral finishs: jobs and challenges, Tourism Management, Vol.20 ( 2 ) , pp.183-185. Cooper, C. et al. , ( 1998 ) , Tourism: Principles and Practices, 2nd erectile dysfunction, Addison Wesley Longman, England. Digital Startup and Campaign Marketing station in Hyderabad.. , hypertext transfer protocol: //browsemasters.com/ ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Gallic Luxury Vacations, hypertext transfer protocol: //frenchluxuryvacations.com/ ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . William, J. ( 2002 ) : H. Igor Ansoff, 83 ; instruction drew world-wide acclamation San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved ( 8/12/2012 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mindtools.com/subscribe.htm. Beatty, C. et al. , ( June, 2010 ) : The Seaside Tourism Industry in England and Wales : Employment, Economic Output, Location and Trend. Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research Sheffield Hallam University Positioning the Destination Product Bournemouth University..http: //eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/15749/1/Positioning_the_Destination_Product_-_C an_Regional_Tourist_Boards_Learn_from_Private_Sector_Practice_ ( for_upload to_BURO ) .pdf ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Porter M.E. ( 1996 ) , What is Strategy? | Reflections, hypertext transfer protocol: //jensgulich.wordpress.com/2010/10/22/ / ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Pima Community College: As with other impacts: Directories, hypertext transfer protocol: //ecc.pima.edu/~tourism/Negative % 20Impact % 20of % 20Tourism.htm ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) Tugberk s Blog TugberkUgurlu.Com, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tugberkugurlu.com/ ? page=24 ( accessed December 12, 2012 What is the difference between the United Kingdom, Great.. ? hypertext transfer protocol: //geography.about.com/library/faq/blqzuk.htm ( accessed December 12, 2012 ) . Appendixs appendix 1 ( KEY ISSUES A ; FINDINGS ) Increase in Price A research conducted by San Francisco State University indicated that, the monetary values for local goods and services have increased by 8 % as a consequence of touristry development. What it means is that, touristry development has enormously increased in both edifice costs and land values. This is because the rich are now utilizing the lands to construct and prosecute in existent estate for touristry intent. This has resulted in trouble for the autochthonal people to run into the basic needs to buy lands for their ain usage. Economic Dependence Harmonizing to Marshall ( 2012 ) , over-reliance on touristry, particularly aggregate touristry carries important hazards to tourism dependent economic systems. He argues that economic recession and the impacts of natural catastrophes such as tropical storms and hurricanes every bit good as altering touristry forms can hold a annihilating consequence on the local touristry sector. Decrease of UK Government fund for touristry industry In add-on, the decrease of UK Government funding on touristry industry is a factor. Therefore, the subsidy given by the UK authorities as a back uping assistance to the touristry industry has dropped by ?48.0m to ?35.9m, which is 25 % lessening in 2011. This has besides made the industry to take drastic determinations to run into up their demand by seting high charges on clients visit. Appendix 2 Strategic Approach to Destination Marketing Buhalis ( 1999 ) defines a finish as chiseled geographical countries, such as a state, an island or a town . Cooper et Al ( 1998 ) position finishs as the focal point of installations and services designed to run into the demands of tourers. Although UK has all the necessary installations that the assorted definitions are speaking about, there are unequal services designed to run into the demands of the tourer. Using Ansoff Matrix for the Strategic Approach to Destination Ansoff Matrix was propounded by a Russian-American, applied Mathematician and concern director called H. Igor Ansoff. The theoretical account was foremost published in the Harvard Business Review in 1957 ( BusinessDictionary.com A ; Wikipedia ) . Ansoff Matrix has grouped selling schemes into selling development, selling incursion, merchandise development and variegation. Diagrammatically, this is Ansoff clarify his theoretical account ( Ansoff Matrix ) ; Degree centigrades: UsersKENYAS SERIESDesktop2012-12-09_1935.png Marketing Development: This theoretical account maintains that, to derive market for an bing merchandise, the company must be introduced into a new face of people. The touristry industry should aim different geographical markets either at place or abroad. It should acquire new market Centre for the bing merchandises and utilize different gross revenues channels to aim different groups of people. The industry can follow societal networking sites to do different among its rivals. Market Penetration: To perforate agencies to enter-thus, market incursion involves with come ining a new market with an bing merchandises. Although it could be hazardous to come ining a new market with an bing material but, the industry can follow advertizement to promote people in UK to ship on domestic touristry. Merchandise Development: Merchandise development has to make with developing new merchandises for an bing market. It is an opposite of market development. To use this, the touristry industry must widen their merchandises by traveling to new countries such as eco-tourism, health-tourism, sports-tourism, activity-tourism and instruction touristry every bit good as boxing the bing merchandises. Diversification: Diversification is a signifier concern scheme that seeks to increase profitableness through gross revenues obtained from new markets and new merchandises ( Beginning: Wikipedia ) . In the application, the industry must utilize or acquire existing expertness to accomplish such scheme since it is the riskiest among the schemes. Appendix 3 GILBERT DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY Gibert ( 1983, 1990 ) argues that, finishs should distinguish the touristry merchandises in order to be able to accomplish alone touristry merchandise benefits. This will assist the industry to set up their place in the international touristry market every bit good as pulling high loyal tourers and Spenders. In this instance, touristry finishs should try to accomplish position country image, instead than a community country one. Gilbert Differentiation Strategy position country Commodity Area Willingness to pay position country Commodity Area higher monetary value Merchandises Attributes Merchandises Properties ( Adapted from Dimitrious, cited in Gilbert, 1990, p.25 ) . From the diagram, the finish is to a great extent substitutable, really sensitive to economic alterations and monetary value pieces consumers have low consciousness of any particular benefit or properties of the part. Therefore, vacation shapers based their determination to see the country ( UK ) simply on monetary value. However, the demand for the finish is incidental and finishs are unable to pull high Spenders. On the contrary, position countries achieve international finish as a consequence of the particular merchandise properties perceived by the touristry market. Gilber ( 1990, 24-25 ) argues that finish countries should try to travel to position countries to better up [ on their image, trueness and economic benefits. Appendix 4 SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Failing Large Global Aviation path web: Therefore, UK has a really big air power path web which can take a big figure of tourers from different states. Strong association with civilization and heritage: The state is besides endowed with strong civilization and heritage which can pull every person to see at that place. Strong touristry substructure: Besides, the state has all the installations that a tourer finish is supposed to hold. English linguistic communication: The female parent lingua of the state which is English linguistic communication is another factor that can convey tonss of tourer to the state. The English linguistic communication is a global linguistic communication which dominates in about any portion of the universe now. Lack of future airdrome capacity: Therefore, looking at the overcrowding nature of the UK airdromes, it would be really hard to spread out it in the close hereafter. High cost of life: Besides the cost of life as compared to other competitory finishs, UK s ain is really expensive.

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Convicted Criminals essays How should we treat convicted criminals Convicted criminals have been judged and tried by a jury of twelve. When found guilty and housed in a penitentiary they should lose all their rights as a citizen. Once imprisoned they are no longer able to vote they lost their citizenship so why are we allowing them to complete an education, have access to libraries and recreational equipment. They have all of these rights, yet do we ever stop to think about the families of the victims. The pain, the anguish, and the immense suffering these loved ones go through because of the actions of these merciless criminals. If you can, draw up from your memory the actions of Susan Smith. Yes thats right the woman whom drove her two innocent kids in to the lake. She willingly drove her car into the lake as her two young sons sit seatbelted in the backseat of her car. Susan then got out of the car and watched as the cabin of the car filled up with the icy cold water eventually drowning the two. Just think of how they felt as they sit in the car crying for their mother frantically, wondering why mommy left them there? Barbaric...Barbaric is exactly how I would describe her actions. Yet, the jury doing her case sentenced her to life not death. The Jury only explained that she would suffer more through her depression, but does that justify the short-lived lives of two completely harmless, defenseless and innocent children. In todays society the idea of having deadly criminals: sentenced to life in prison, get paroled and then go back into society and strike again is absolutely frightening. Criminals like these should not be allowed to socialize with other, better their education, and for these criminals to think they will be treated civilized when they have not acted civilly themselves. With that, consider the old saying; treat others how you want to be treated. These criminals are the ones ...

Evaluation of 2 Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of 2 Essays - Essay Example The second essay was written by Eric Mortenson of the Willamette Valley in Oregon, originally published in the Oregonian, and he is a farmer and discusses how his family saved their farm and their heritage by going organic and selling locally. The two essays examined are supporting almost completely opposite positions on farming and food consumption, but they are not really at odds, because they are talking about two different subjects: consumption and production. Both essays make logical sense and they prove their points very well. Pelletier discusses the futility of trying to get everyone to consume locally, even if it were the answer to global warming. He shows that doing this for food consumption would be difficult enough, if not impossible, and that it would simply not make a useful difference unless all consumption becomes local, and he shows that this simply cannot be done, because the local climate cannot support enough warm weather fruit and the land cannot support profitable meat ranching. He says that only 48% of local consumption is covered by local production. Of course, coffee, tea, chocolate, cotton and many more products cannot be produced locally in Vancouver. If this extends around the world, many people would be hungry, and hungry people make wars, which have the biggest carbon footprint of all human activities. Pelletier cites evidence that if everyone switched to locally produced consumption, it would knock civilization back to the stone age, with poor diets, horse and buggy transport and wood-burning stoves for heat. We could survive this if it were an absolute necessity, but he argues that it is not even very useful. Pelletier says it is a common misconception that consuming only locally produced food would actually lower its carbon footprint. Pelletier says that trains and boats have lower carbon footprints than the small trucks that deliver locally. Eric Mortensen has turned his farm into organic production

Under what circumstances are protest movements against authoritarian Essay

Under what circumstances are protest movements against authoritarian rule most likely to succeed in changing the regime - Essay Example While a protest movement is a collective endeavour and is generally expressive of the political views of large numbers of people, the failed uprisings mentioned above indicate that they may not necessarily be successful in every case. This study examines why these movements were unsuccessful in achieving their objectives. According to Thompson, democratic revolutions can be understood as â€Å"spontaneous popular uprisings – peaceful, urban-based and cross class in composition – which topple unyielding dictators and begin a transition process that leads to the consolidation of democracy.†1 Including fraternity organizations, guerrilla organizations or other sects under the umbrella of social movements would possibly be stretching the definition of social movements too far2, but such organizations have also managed to attract a sizeable number of followers. According to Zirakzadeh, a social movement comprises a group of people who (a) consciously attempt to build a radically new social order (b) includes people from a broad range of social backgrounds and (c) makes use of socially disruptive, politically confrontational tactics.3 In general, where the question of overthrow of a regime is concerned, dictatorial, authoritarian regimes are vulnerable to violent, radical revolutions, including coups, that may successfully achieve this objective4. According to Tilly, earlier trends in the growth of social movements are linked to economic and political changes, such as the emergence of Parliaments, proletariats and market capitalization5. Tilly also points out that social movements can also be a prime factor functioning as a propellant towards democracy, such as the ones which occurred in the USSR in 1990-91, Serbia in 1996/7 and 2000 as well as Ukraine in 2004. But more often, social protest movements have flourished after the country in question has become a democracy, because political rights as well as individual rights such

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Essay - 5

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - Essay Example Sun and Sand Sports is the most appreciated and most preferred brand in the entire world and known for its unbeatable strategy it uses to capture the market and has launched many products in the entire world. Sun and Sand Sports stands in top 10 sports products manufacturers (sand, n.d.). Its products are diversified and have given a new passion and love to the sportsmen for their favorite sports. It has achieved many milestones from its corporate and has become the most favorite brand in the field of each sport. No other brand has such a wonderful success and more distinguished history from its incorporation as the Sun and Sand Sports had and no other brand is that stronger connection with sport than the Sun and Sand Sports. The main purpose of Sun and Sand Sports is quite simple and interesting: is to make athletes better.  Sun and Sand Sports have targeted all the sports lovers as its customers and all the customers of sub-brand are, with no doubt, are those who are athletics, sports person, sports lover and the one who is directly or indirectly associated with the sports (sand, n.d.). The capital market is a representation of agreement of an organization. Sun and Sand Sports have various kinds of stocks in the capital market and capital exchange. And it receives more of its finance from the share capital and it also has some Common stocks, equity stocks, options, rights, convertibles, bonds, futures, and others are awash in banal markets. As a share of approved well-groomed activities in Investment class (Andreff & Szymanski, 2006). Sun and Sand Sports have shown in its balance sheet about its main External Financing that is Share Capital. Share capital is that amount which a company raise by selling its shares in the capital market and get more shareholders. An increasing number of shareholders means the increased capital of the company. By having a share capital as a major and main source of finance, Sun and

Reliability of Methylphenidate as a Cognitive Enhancer

Reliability of Methylphenidate as a Cognitive Enhancer Methylphenidate (amphetamine), an inhibitor which acts on the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been widely cited in Bioethicist literature as having the capability to improve cognitive ability in healthy individuals (Husain Mehta, 2011). Methylphenidate is widely used a wake promoting agent during training, in students to in the aim to increase their grades and in many academic professionals to maintain their performance. However, the effects of cognitive enhancement by methylphenidate are somewhat modest and large amount of variability exists between individuals. In patients with ADHD methylphenidate drugs such as Ritalin, perform well promoting attention; similarly, in healthy individuals an improvement is seen as Ritalin aids spatial working memory performance and improves executive functions in novel tasks (Mehta et al., 2000; Elliot et al., 1997). In the analysis of the effects of Ritalin through PET scans Mehta et al., (2000) conveyed that methylphenidate induced a reduction of blood flow in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, increasing performance accuracy in spatial working memory tasks ( SWM) (Owen et al., 1996). SWM is localised in the prefrontal cortex, where damage to this area will lead to impairment in SWM tasks (Murphy et al., 1996). This suggests the increase of visual attention and improvement on visual working memory tasks may be due to the selective modulation effects of methylphenidate on the parietal, frontal and extra striate occipital regions- a finding synonymous with early research into monkeys and mono aminergic modulation of cognitive functions (Bernardi et al., 1982). However, recent exploration into fMRI and DCM studies on the brain show noradrenergic systems can influence neuronal excitability in regions engaged in sensory processing and visuospatial attention, thus suggesting that perhaps methylphenidate is less specific and affects functional connectivity across the brain network (Grefkes, 2010). The neural mechanisms by which, methylphenidate effects are primarily evident in the CNS; where the concentration of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain is caused by the blocking their reuptakes-thus increasing the expression of the dopamine transporter DAT and blocking of the monoamine transporter 2. By doing so reducing activity of monoamine oxidase and increasing the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase is inhibited (Fibiger et al., 1971). Where levels of DAT are high in ADHD patients, inducing Ritalin restores catecholamine and alters dopaminergic firing systems, subsequently reducing synaptic transmission on the D2 and D3 dopamine receptors (Goldstein et al., 2000). Thus dopamine levels would be reduced and normalise deficiencies and improve concentration. A clear example of this is shown in Volkow et al., (2012) , where methylphenidate given orally blocks 60% of DAT sites whilst increasing dopamine concentrations in the striatum ( by 8% to 16%) reducing hyperactivity in in A DHD patients. However, in normal patients the intake of methamphetamine could result in a DAT overexpression or hypo-dopaminergic activity and could possibly lead to enhanced cognition. Additionally, the prolonged use of methylphenidate could result in the downward regulation of dopamine D2 receptors and uptake sites, similar to the reinforcement effects in amphetamines like cocaine, emphasizing impulsive behaviour like gambling and hyper sexuality (Voltz, 2008 Cools.,2007). Additionally, hypodopemenergic activity within the basal ganglia could lead to involuntary movements (Dyskinesia) it is often difficult to test the neuro-enhancement in healthy individuals caused by methylphenidate. In general cognitive processes one would subsume an enhancement would be on the emotional, motivational and cognitive functions within healthy individuals. Unlike other drugs such as AChEI (used in the treatment of the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer’s) where Emre etal., (2004) and McKeith et al.,(2000) convey positive effects of AChEI on cognition and neuropsychiatric measures such as mood , anxiety and visual hallucinations- the use of methylphenidate conveys quite modest results on cognitive enhancement (Mehta et al., 2011). Although previous research by Rependatis (2010), found the use of methylphenidate increases memory, there was no consistent evidence to support a substantial effect. Additionally, though Mehta et al ., (2000) did convey that Ritalin did improve spatial working memory, a finding supported by Elliot et al., (1997). However, in a recent analysis Mehta et al (2011) attributes previous findings to the variance of baseline ability. The plethora of research surround the effect of methylphenidate is largely inconsistent and there is little evidence to suggest methylphenidate can be used as a cognitive enhancer. Contrariwise to popular belief, there has been evidence to suggest that methylphenidate could actually impair previous cognitive abilities (Schaaf et al.,, 2013 ). In testing the effects of Ritalin on reward and punishment learning in healthy students, Schaaf et al., (2013), conveyed that the effect of Ritalin on baseline spatial working memory tasks varied in terms of tasks and demand between individuals. Although, methylphenidate improved reward and punishment behaviour in high working memory subjects, it impaired those with low working memory . These inconsistent results may be partially due to the inverted U shape, whereby dopamine D1 antagonist can selectively modulate cognitive processes, such as SWM. Excessive levels of D1 in the prefrontal cortex can impair working memory (Vijayraghavan et al.,2007). However, adverse effects of methylphenidate can also been seen in repeated use ( Lapworth et al.,2009). Lapworth et al., (2009) suggest that methylphenidate is associated with hostility, aggression, and psychotic symptoms in repeated users, where the repeated use of methylphenidate increases â€Å"positive psychotic symptoms that contribute to a perception of the environment as a hostile and threatening place as well as by increasing impulsivity†. The reliability and validity of the aforementioned research comes into context when looking at the methods for testing the cognitive effects of methylphenidate on healthy individuals. A large body of research lacks substance and is largely inconclusive do to the variability in methods, additionally the generalizability attributed to methylphenidate be taken with a reasonable amount of judicious concern (Tucha O,2006) . So far there have been no comprehensive studied in normal subjects showing a fair effect of methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancer. A fundamental flaw in research is largely evident in a lack of standardized testing methods. For example, In ADHD patients there is a clear deficiency which one is able to target and improve to normalise baseline levels of hyperactivity however, in normal individuals there is no baseline. How one compare against a â€Å"standard of enhancement† when there does is no standard for which to compare. Additionally, when using methods su ch as SWM It’s difficult to subsume that the change in cognition is due to methylphenidate rather than other cognitive processes. A researcher is yet to be able to pinpoint the source of effect as the brain involves a process of complex, interlinked networks. A classic example of this exists in Mehta et al (2000) research to test the effects of methylphenidate. Participants were presented with a spatial working memory task, tested with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Automated Battery Test (CANTAB). Results showed the dependent variables like spatial memory were enhanced by the IV (Mehta et al 2001). However, in a later study Mehta et al (2011), attributed the findings to the effect sizes, where average ratings for the effect of ADHD are produced by caregiver and parent responses, thus they are not correct methods of analysis for cognitive effects rather they convey behavioural effects. Furthermore, the majority of research presented on methylphenidate does not fairly analys e the negative effects with inducing methylphenidate, instead Elliot et al., (1979) purely focus on the positive effects and do not report any negative side effects, thus resulting in a bias portrayal of the overall cognitive effects of methylphenidate. Moreover on further analysis of the literature it is also evident that there is a large disparity in the duration of the trials presented and the dosages of methylphenidate given. For instance Mehta et al.,(2000) uses almost 20 mg more than Elliot et al., (1979) and Reprantis et al., (2000). In a larger context the reliability of methylphenidate as a cognitive enhancers is somewhat limited due to a complete lack of evidence and dubious testing methods. Research would benefit from further analysis to improve standard baselines and methods of comparison within pharmacology. References Bernardi, G., Cherubini, E., Marciani, M.G., Mercuri, N., Stanzione, P. (1982) Responses of intracellularly recorded cortical neurons to the ionto-phoretic application of dopamine. Brain Res 245:267–274. Cools R (2007). Impulsive personality predicts dopamine-dependent changes in frontostriatal activity during component processes of working memory. J. Neurosci.27:5506–5514. Emre, M., Aarsland, D., Albanese, A., Byrne, E. J., Deuschl, G., De Deyn, P. P., Lane, R. (2004). Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinsons disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(24), 2509-2518. Elliott, R., Sahakian, B. J., Matthews, K., Bannerjea, A., Rimmer, J., Robbins, T. W. (1997). Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults. Psychopharmacology, 131(2), 196-206. Fibiger, H. C., McGeer, E. G. (1971). Effect of acute and chronic methamphetamine treatment on tyrosine hydroxylase activity in brain and adrenal medulla. European journal of pharmacology, 16(2), 176-180 Gibbs A.A.(2007). The role of dopamine in attentional and memory biases for emotional information. Am. J. Psychiatry, 164 :1603–1609. Goldstein, R. Z., Volkow, N. D. (2002). Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(10), 1642-1652. Husain, M. Mehta, M.A. (2011). Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and disease Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15, 28-36. Lapworth, K., Dawe, S., Davis, P., Kavanagh, D., Young, R., Saunders, J. (2009). Impulsivity and positive psychotic symptoms influence hostility in methamphetamine users. Addictive behaviors, 34(4), 380-385. Mehta, M. A., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., Mavaddat, N., Pickard, J. D., Robbins, T. W. (2000). Methylphenidate enhances working memory by modulating discrete frontal and parietal lobe regions in the human brain. J Neurosci, 20(6). McKeith, I., Del Ser, T., Spano, P., Emre, M., Wesnes, K., Anand R.(2000). Efficacy of rivastigmine in dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled international study. Lancet f; Vol. 356, issue 9247: 2031–6 Owen A.M., Evans A.C., Petrides, M. (1996) Evidence for a two-stage model of spatial working memory processing within lateral frontal cortex: a positron emission tomography Study. Cereb Cortex 6:31–38. Repantis, D. (2010) Modafinil and methylphenidate for neuroenhancement in healthy individuals: a systematic review. Pharmacol. Res. 62:187–206. Tucha O. Methylphenidate-induced improvements of various measures of attention in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.(2006) J. Neural. Transm. 113:1575–1592 van der Schaaf, M. E., Fallon, S. J., ter Huurne, N., Buitelaar, J., Cools, R. (2013). Working memory capacity predicts effects of methylphenidate on reversal learning. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(10), 2011-2018. Vijayraghavan, S., Wang, M., Birnbaum, S. G., Williams, G. V., Arnsten, A. F. (2007). Inverted-U dopamine D1 receptor actions on prefrontal neurons engaged in working memory. Nature neuroscience, 10(3), 376-384. Volkow, N. D., Wang, G. J., Tomasi, D., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Newcorn, J. H., Swanson, J. M. (2012). Methylphenidate-elicited dopamine increases in ventral striatum are associated with long-term symptom improvement in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(3), 841-849. Volz, T. J. (2008). Neuropharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of methylphenidate. Current neuropharmacology, 6(4), 379.

Personal Paper :: essays research papers

The Writing Process GENERAL STEPS IN THE WRITING PROCESS 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prewriting and Planning Good planning and preparation are the keys to good writing. a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thinking The first thing that writers should learn about writing is that it starts with thinking. Those who learn to write well know that a good deal of thinking needs to take place before any writing happens. Many people who have trouble writing have trouble because they don't know how to get started. A writer needs to start by thinking about the topic. Usually, in professional life or college, the topic is given, at least in a general way. For example, you may be assigned to write a marketing proposal for next year, or write a position paper on how the new Eurodollar will impact international exchange rates. Start by just thinking about the topic. Let your mind center on it. What do you already know about the topic? What don't you know? What do you need to know? b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gathering Information Begin brainstorming and perhaps jotting down information and ideas. Let your mind flow with the topic. Don't concern yourself with what the information or ideas are; just write down anything related to the topic that occurs to you. If it helps you to make mind maps, use other graphics, or make lists, do so. Brainstorm until you can't think of anything else to jot down. Be as specific as possible with any details. After you've finished brainstorming, look back at the information and ideas you've thought of and written down. Review the material to see if anything else occurs to you. Think about what other information you might need to gather. What else do you need to know? What questions might someone have about your information? Make a note or two about where you think you could find the information you still need. If you need to go to other sources, such as the library or databases, to get information and do some research, then do so. Make copies, mark them up, highlight passages, etc. When you've gathered all the information you think you'll need, stop and check. You need a lot of information and details to work with, of course, but check to see that you have the most basic information: the 5Ws+H. Do you have all the information for your topic regarding who, what, where, when, why, and how? Do you have names and specific details? If you discover you are missing any information or necessary details, go back to your sources and get them.

Christo and Jeane Claude Essay

Christo and Jeane Claude are a husband and wife team. These two artists are famous for transforming the ordinary into fabulous artwork, such as wrapping buildings. They accept no government grants or funding, no donations, their only income is from the sales of their artwork. Nearly all of their artshows take place outdoors, often in public parks requiring no admission fees. Their identity or famous slogan as the wrapping artists came from their controversial work named Wrapped Reichstage, Berlin, 1971-1995, an entire German Parliament Building in silver fabric looking like a wedding cake. (Sternbergh,no date). Many significant national symbols have been transformed and giving new identities by many artists. Buildings, nature’s creations, world events have become best selling books, movies, musicals, songs and plays. Anytime an artist develops anything, adding their identity to it, the item takes on that new image. The Christos saw buildings in a way no one else saw it. The Reichstage building in Berlin became a piece of sculpture or artwork when Christo and Jeane Claude wrapped the building. Artwork expands on natural traditions, allowing others to use their imaginations to interpret the meanings. â€Å"The Christos have created some of the most breathtaking works of the 20th century using fabric in, over through and around natural and constructed forms† Powell, director of national art gallery. The Christos use fabric to give an original style to traditional paintings, sculptures and buildings† (no author, 2002).Wrapping the Reichstage building, giving the illusion of a wedding cake transformed the building into an artistic sculpture. Notes; Sternbergh, Adam (no date) The passion of the Christos; New York Entertainment; nymag. com date retrieved July 24, 2007 http://nymag. com/nymetro/arts/features/10897/ No author (2/4/2002) First American Survey of Christo and Jeanne Claude; artdaily. org; Date retrieved; July 24, 2007 http://www. artdaily. com/section/news/index. asp? int_sec=2&int_new=48&b=Christo%20and%20Jeanne-Claude

The Ancient Mesopotamian Urban Community of Ur

The Ancient Mesopotamian Urban Community of Ur The Mesopotamian city of Ur, known as Tell al-Muqayyar and the biblical Ur of the Chaldees), was an important Sumerian city-state between about 2025-1738 BC. Located near the modern town of Nasiriyah in far southern Iraq, on a now-abandoned channel of the Euphrates river, Ur covered about 25 hectares (60 acres), surrounded by a city wall. When British archaeologist Charles Leonard Woolley excavated in the 1920s and 1930s, the city was a tell- a great artificial hill over seven meters (23 feet) high composed of centuries of building and rebuilding mud-brick structures, one stacked on top of another. Chronology of Southern Mesopotamia The following chronology of Southern Mesopotamia is simplified somewhat from that suggested by the School of American Research Advanced Seminar in 2001, based primarily on pottery and other artifact styles and reported in Ur 2010. Old Babylonian (Late Bronze Age, 1800-1600 BC)Isin-Larsa Dynasties (Middle Bronze Age, 2000-1800 BC)Ur III (2100-2000 BC)Akkadian (Early Bronze Age, 2300-2100 BC)Early Dynastic I-III (Sumerian, 3000-2300 BC)Late Uruk (Late Chalcolithic, 3300-3000 BC)Middle Uruk (3800-3300 BC)Early Uruk  (4100-3800 BC)Late Ubaid (4400-4100 BC)Ubaid Period (5900-4400 BC) The earliest known occupations at Ur city date to the Ubaid period of the late 6th millennium BC. By about 3000 BC, Ur covered a total area of 15 ha (37 ac) including early temple sites. Ur reached its maximum size of 22 ha (54 ac) during the Early Dynastic Period of the early 3rd millennium BC  when Ur was one of the most important capitals of the Sumerian civilization. Ur continued as a minor capital for Sumer and succeeding civilizations, but during the 4th century BC, the Euphrates changed course, and the city was abandoned. Living in Sumerian Ur During Urs heyday in the Early Dynastic period, four main residential areas of the city included homes made of baked mud brick foundations arranged along long, narrow, winding streets and alleyways. Typical houses included an open central courtyard with two or more main living rooms in which the families resided. Each house had a domestic chapel where cult structures and the family burial vault was kept. Kitchens, stairways, workrooms, lavatories were all part of the household structures. The houses were packed in very tightly together, with exterior walls of one household immediately abutting the next one. Although the cities appear very closed off, the interior courtyards and wide streets provided light, and the close-set houses protected the exposure of the exterior walls to heating especially during the hot summers. Royal Cemetery Between 1926 and 1931, Woolleys investigations at Ur focused on the Royal Cemetery, where he eventually excavated approximately 2,100 graves, within an area of 70x55 m (230x180 ft): Woolley estimated there were up to three times as many burials originally. Of those, 660 were determined to be dated to the Early Dynastic IIIA (2600-2450 BC)period, and Woolley designated 16 of those as royal tombs. These tombs had a stone-built chamber with multiple rooms, where the principal royal burial was placed. Retainerspeople who presumably served the royal personage and were buried with him or herwere found in a pit outside of the chamber or adjacent to it. The largest of these pits, called death pits by Woolley, held the remains of 74 people. Woolley came to the conclusion that the attendants had willingly drunk some drug and then lay down in rows to go with their master or mistress. The most spectacular royal graves in Urs Royal Cemetery were those of Private Grave 800, belonging to a richly adorned queen identified as Puabi or Pu-abum, approximately 40 years old; and PG 1054 with an unidentified female. The largest death pits were PG 789, called the Kings Grave, and PG 1237, the Great Death Pit. the tomb chamber of 789 had been robbed in antiquity, but its death pit contained the bodies of 63 retainers. PG 1237 held 74 retainers, most of which were four rows of elaborately dressed women arranged around a set of musical instruments. Recent analysis (Baadsgaard and colleagues) of a sample of skulls from several pits at Ur suggests that, rather than being poisoned, the retainers were killed by blunt force trauma, as ritual sacrifices. After they were killed, an attempt was made to preserve the bodies, using a combination of heat treatment and the application of mercury; and then the bodies were dressed in their finery and laid in rows in the pits. Archaeology at the City of Ur Archaeologists associated with Ur included J.E. Taylor, H.C. Rawlinson, Reginald Campbell Thompson, and, most importantly, C. Leonard Woolley. Woolleys investigations of Ur lasted 12 years from 1922 and 1934, including five years focusing on the Royal Cemetery of Ur, including the graves of Queen Puabi and King Meskalamdug. One of his primary assistants was Max Mallowan, then married to mystery writer Agatha Christie, who visited Ur and based her Hercule Poirot novel   Murder in Mesopotamia on the excavations there. Important discoveries at Ur included the Royal Cemetery, where rich Early Dynastic burials were found by Woolley in the 1920s; and thousands of clay tablets impressed with cuneiform writing which describe in detail the lives and thoughts of Urs inhabitants. Sources Baadsgaard A, Monge J, Cox S, and Zettler RL. 2011.  Human sacrifice and intentional corpse preservation in the Royal Cemetery of Ur.  Antiquity 85(327):27-42.Dickson DB. 2006. Public Transcripts Expressed in Theatres of Cruelty: the Royal Graves at Ur in Mesopotamia.  Cambridge Archaeological Journal  16(2):123–144. Jansen M, Aulbach S, Hauptmann A, Hà ¶fer HE, Klein S, Krà ¼ger M, and Zettler RL. 2016. Platinum group placer minerals in ancient gold artifacts – Geochemistry and osmium isotopes of inclusions in Early Bronze Age gold from Ur/Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science 68:12-23.Kenoyer JM, Price TD, and Burton JH. 2013. A new approach to tracking connections between the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia: initial results of strontium isotope analyses from Harappa and Ur. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(5):2286-2297.Miller NF. 2013. Symbols of Fertility and Abundance in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, Iraq. American Journal of Archaeology 117(1):127- 133. Oates J, McMahon A, Karsgaard P, Al Quntar S, and Ur J. 2007. Early Mesopotamian urbanism: a new view from the north.  Antiquity  81:585-600. Rawcliffe C, Aston M, Lowings A, Sharp MC, and Watkins KG. 2005. Laser Engraving Gulf Pearl ShellAiding the Reconstruction of the Lyre of Ur.  Lacona VI.Shepperson M. 2009.  Planning for the sun: urban forms as a Mesopotamian response to the sun.  World Archaeology  41(3):363–378.Tengberg M, Potts DT, and Francfort H-P. 2008.  The golden leaves of Ur.  Antiquity  82:925-936.Ur J. 2014. Households and the emergence of cities in ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 24(2):249-268.Ur J, Karsgaard P, and Oates J. 2011. The Spatial Dimensions of Early Mesopotamian Urbanism: The Tell Brak Suburban Survey, 2003-2006. Iraq 73:1-19.

Free Essays on The Great Gatsby And The Taming Of The Shrew

Money, Love ,Aspiration In â€Å"The Great Gatsbyâ€Å" And â€Å"The Taming Of The Shrewâ€Å" It is often said that great minds think alike. We have Shakespeare being one of the greatest playwrites in time, and F.Scott Fitzgerald being one of America's most famous authors. So it would not be surprising to say that both author and playwrite wrote works which were quite comparable even today, despite the time difference in which they were written. Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew takes place in Elizabethan England as Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby is set in America in the 1920's. Both pieces however endow characters which show similar characteristics and if carefully analyzed show recurring themes of Love, Money and Aspiration in many similar aspects. One recurring theme that is evident throughtout both pieces is love as both authors try to point out to their readers that what you see is not always what you get. This is apparent with Shakespeare's character of Lucentio in the taming of the shrew. Lucentio is an ambitous individual whos impulsive behaviour makes him a prime target for a seemingly beautiful and fair lady named Bianca, the daughter of a wealthy man named Baptista Minola. After seeing Bianca for the first time in a crowded marketplace, lucentio falls in love with Bianca at first sight and vows to marry her because she is so "virutous and fair". Similarily, in the great gatsby the main character by the name of Gatsby falls hopelessly in love with a wealthy woman named Daisy, after knowing her for a very little time. Gatsby, like Lucentio, vows to achieve Daisy and in the midst of his dream he is unable to see the reality of the situation. A world in which Daisy has moved on from their past relationship, gotten marrie d, and even given birth to a daughter. However, Gatsby is so obsessively tangled in his hopes of love that he fails to s... Free Essays on The Great Gatsby And The Taming Of The Shrew Free Essays on The Great Gatsby And The Taming Of The Shrew Money, Love ,Aspiration In â€Å"The Great Gatsbyâ€Å" And â€Å"The Taming Of The Shrewâ€Å" It is often said that great minds think alike. We have Shakespeare being one of the greatest playwrites in time, and F.Scott Fitzgerald being one of America's most famous authors. So it would not be surprising to say that both author and playwrite wrote works which were quite comparable even today, despite the time difference in which they were written. Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew takes place in Elizabethan England as Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby is set in America in the 1920's. Both pieces however endow characters which show similar characteristics and if carefully analyzed show recurring themes of Love, Money and Aspiration in many similar aspects. One recurring theme that is evident throughtout both pieces is love as both authors try to point out to their readers that what you see is not always what you get. This is apparent with Shakespeare's character of Lucentio in the taming of the shrew. Lucentio is an ambitous individual whos impulsive behaviour makes him a prime target for a seemingly beautiful and fair lady named Bianca, the daughter of a wealthy man named Baptista Minola. After seeing Bianca for the first time in a crowded marketplace, lucentio falls in love with Bianca at first sight and vows to marry her because she is so "virutous and fair". Similarily, in the great gatsby the main character by the name of Gatsby falls hopelessly in love with a wealthy woman named Daisy, after knowing her for a very little time. Gatsby, like Lucentio, vows to achieve Daisy and in the midst of his dream he is unable to see the reality of the situation. A world in which Daisy has moved on from their past relationship, gotten marrie d, and even given birth to a daughter. However, Gatsby is so obsessively tangled in his hopes of love that he fails to s...

WSJ Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

WSJ Article Review - Essay Example nd ambition (Fairclough, 2009)† in China represents purchasing power and the fittest customer profile that comprises Ford’s strategy in the country. â€Å"Mei,† as the marketing executives coined this group, means beautiful in Chinese. According to the article, Mei is comprised of the â€Å"twenty-something, college-educated single women (Fairclough).† Furthermore, Mei â€Å"earns 880 to $1,500 a month and wants her first car (Fairclough).† The point of view of the target market â€Å"Mei† is showcased by the individual answers of the members of the target market when asked about their lifestyle. â€Å"Mei’s† stance on living and her view of herself is coined by these answers from the members of the target market. This article is very important to marketing management as it highlights the marketing practices of organizations. By showing certain organizations take the theory and put into real life situations, results can be evaluated afterward in order to strengthen the theories that the company has used. Targeting is shown in the article as the company chooses â€Å"Mei† and coins her into a certain group comprising the same demographics and psychographics which are likely to purchase the product. The logic of choosing the target market first, then probing their lifestyle and knowing them well through consumer research such as Ford’s immersion event is shown in relation to the crafting of appropriate marketing communications plan in order to build a position in the target market’s mind. The article incorporates contemporary trends of marketing that links between consumer behavior through research, marketing strategy, branding and integrated marketing communication in fulfillment of a corporate objective for the company. The logic of the article can be traced back to looking for the right target market, where Ford has chosen â€Å"Mei.† Then, by doing innovative consumer research such as the immersion event apart from the pluralistic researches that

Self evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Self evaluation - Essay Example ffective communication skills enhance the effectiveness of the professional training in human services thereby ensuring that I know how to communicate to specific audiences. I will have the concept and mechanism of communicating thereby develop reliable professional relationships. I am a respectful individual who will uphold the ethical values and the dignity of human life. I understand that I will work with vulnerable individuals in the society. My respectful personality that arises from the values I uphold will ensure that I maintain productive relationships both with the patients and colleagues thus improve the success of the programs. Furthermore, such a personality ensures that I endear to my clients who will in turn trust and open up to me thus making helping them easier (Dewane, 2005). Finally, I am a tolerant individual capable of tolerating people from various backgrounds. I maintain peace when interacting with people and strive to pay attention to their demands. I often speak after understanding the nature of my audience. Tolerance is an important feature in human services since the profession requires interacting and helping people from diverse backgrounds. The people often portray unique personalities and may behave different. As a tolerant individual, I have the ability to interact with such people and help win their trust thus help them appropriately. Unfortunately, I have a number of weakness key among which is my small physique, which may hamper the need to undertake strenuous activities in order to reach people especially in time of calamities (Neukrug, 2001). Despite such, I am a skilled driver, can operate a number of machinery, and will therefore prove helpful in a number of ways during such situations. I lack endurance to strenuous activities and companies. While I am a tolerant individual, I do not like engaging in strenuous activities that cause either physical or psychological exhaustion. The personality is a major impediment to work in